Lead acid batteries are one of the oldest and most widely used types of rechargeable batteries, particularly in automotive applications. Here’s a basic overview of their structure, functioning, and maintenance:
- Structure: Lead acid batteries consist of lead plates immersed in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid. These plates are typically made of lead dioxide (positive plate) and sponge lead (negative plate), arranged alternately in cells.
- Functioning: When the battery is charged, chemical reactions occur at the plates, converting lead dioxide to lead sulfate (positive plate) and sponge lead to lead sulfate (negative plate), while releasing electrons. During discharge, these reactions are reversed, generating electrical energy.
- Voltage: A single lead acid cell produces approximately 2 volts. Therefore, a typical 12-volt car battery contains six cells connected in series.
- Maintenance:
- Regular Inspection: Check the battery terminals and cables for corrosion or loose connections. Clean terminals with a solution of baking soda and water if necessary.
- Fluid Level: For traditional flooded lead acid batteries, regularly check the electrolyte fluid level. Add distilled water as needed to maintain proper levels, typically just above the plates.
- Charging: Ensure the battery is properly charged to avoid sulfation (the formation of lead sulfate crystals), which can reduce battery life. Use a suitable charger and follow manufacturer recommendations.
- Temperature: Extreme temperatures can affect battery performance. Park vehicles in shaded areas during hot weather and use engine block heaters in cold climates to reduce strain on the battery.
- Usage: Avoid deep discharges, as they can shorten battery life. If the battery is not used for an extended period, consider using a maintenance charger to prevent self-discharge and sulfation.
By following these maintenance practices, car owners can prolong the life and reliability of their lead acid batteries, ensuring optimal performance when needed.